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¹ UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, Department of Ecological Modeling, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
² Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, Seestr. 55, 16868 Wusterhausen, Germany
³ Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
⁴ World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Seestr. 55, 16868 Wusterhausen, Germany
⁵ Twinning Project Lithuania "Strengthening animal health control and contingency planning"—LT/2005/IB/AG/03 State Food and Veterinary Service, Siesiku g. 19, 07170 Vilnius 10, Lithuania
⁶ Corresponding author (email: hans.thulke{at}ufz.de)

ABSTRACT:   Surveillance approaches for wildlife diseases often are based on strategies devised for livestock diseases. Following standard protocols, surveillance sometimes continues after apparent disease elimination. However, in the case of recurrent wildlife diseases that cause decisive morbidity and mortality, efficient and effective surveillance strategies might need to be more dynamic and adaptable to the actual epidemic situation. Here, we evaluated existing surveillance schemes by reanalyzing historic data on three wildlife diseases in Europe: rabies, classical swine fever, and avian influenza. We analyzed the aims of different surveillance activities and the way in which they were performed. Our analyses revealed that static, nonadaptive surveillance was a suboptimal approach. Consequently, we propose and discuss a more adaptive alternative scheme of situation-based surveillance for recurrent wildlife diseases that cause readily recognizable morbidity and mortality.
  Key words:  Avian influenza, classical swine fever, CSF, disease surveillance, monitoring, policy, rabies, wildlife disease.