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¹ Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80526, USA
² National Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA
³ Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA
⁴ Corresponding author (email: terry.spraker{at}colostate.edu)

ABSTRACT:   Large breeding populations of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are located on San Miguel and San Nicolas Islands in the Southern California Bight. In 2001, there was a substantial increase in pup mortality in late summer and fall. From June 2002 to January 2003, 208 freshly dead pups were examined on San Miguel Island, the most western of the Channel Islands off the coast of southern California. Tissues from 186 of these pups were examined histologically. The primary lesions in 133 (72%) of the pups were an enteritis associated with hookworms and infections in major organs. Emaciation/starvation in 43 pups (26%) was the second most important cause of death.
  Key words:  Bacteremia, California sea lions, emaciation, enteritis, hookworms, Uncinaria spp., Zalophus californianus.