| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA
2 College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
3 Corresponding author (email: nnemeth{at}colostate.edu)
ABSTRACT:
We studied the effects of natural and/or experimental infections of West Nile virus (WNV) in five raptor species from July 2002 to March 2004, including American kestrels (Falco sparverius), golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), barn owls (Tyto alba), and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Birds were infected per mosquito bite, per os, or percutaneously by needle. Many experimentally infected birds developed mosquito-infectious levels of viremia (>105 WNV plaque forming units per ml serum) within 5 days postinoculation (DPI), and/ or shed virus per os or per cloaca. Infection of organs 15–27 days postinoculation was infrequently detected by virus isolation from spleen, kidney, skin, heart, brain, and eye in convalescent birds. Histopathologic findings varied among species and by method of infection. The most common histopathologic lesions were subacute myocarditis and encephalitis. Several birds had a more acute, severe disease condition represented by arteritis and associated with tissue degeneration and necrosis. This study demonstrates that raptor species vary in their response to WNV infection and that several modes of exposure (e.g., oral) may result in infection. Wildlife managers should recognize that, although many WNV infections are sublethal to raptors, subacute lesions could potentially reduce viability of populations. We recommend that raptor handlers consider raptors as a potential source of WNV contamination due to oral and cloacal shedding.
Key words: American kestrel, barn owl, experimental infection, golden eagle, great horned owl, histopathology, raptors, red-tailed hawk, West Nile virus.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  P. T. Oesterle, N. M. Nemeth, K. VanDalen, H. Sullivan, K. T. Bentler, G. R. Young, R. G. McLean, L. Clark, C. Smeraski, and J. S. Hall Experimental Infection of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with Varying Doses of West Nile Virus Am J Trop Med Hyg, December 1, 2009; 81(6): 1159 - 1164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. K. Lim, G. Dunne, and N. Gurfield Rapid bilateral intraocular cocktail sampling method for West Nile virus detection in dead corvids J Vet Diagn Invest, July 1, 2009; 21(4): 516 - 519. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. M. Nemeth, J. F. Dwyer, J. L. Morrison, and J. D. Fraser Prevalence of Antibodies to West Nile Virus and Other Arboviruses among Crested Caracaras (Caracara cheriway) in Florida J. Wildl. Dis., July 1, 2009; 45(3): 817 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Medica, R. Clauser, and K. Bildstein Prevalence of West Nile Virus Antibodies in a Breeding Population of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) in Pennsylvania J. Wildl. Dis., July 1, 2007; 43(3): 538 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. K. Saito, L. Sileo, D. E. Green, C. U. Meteyer, G. S. McLaughlin, K. A. Converse, and D. E. Docherty RAPTOR MORTALITY DUE TO WEST NILE VIRUS IN THE UNITED STATES, 2002 J. Wildl. Dis., April 1, 2007; 43(2): 206 - 213. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Ellis, D. G. Mead, A. B. Allison, D. E. Stallknecht, and E. W. Howerth PATHOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF NATURAL WEST NILE VIRAL INFECTION OF RAPTORS IN GEORGIA J. Wildl. Dis., April 1, 2007; 43(2): 214 - 223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. NEMETH and R. A. BOWEN DYNAMICS OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO WEST NILE VIRUS IN DOMESTIC CHICKENS (GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS) Am J Trop Med Hyg, February 1, 2007; 76(2): 310 - 317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. KIPP, J. A. LEHMAN, R. A. BOWEN, P. E. FOX, M. R. STEPHENS, K. KLENK, N. KOMAR, and M. L. BUNNING WEST NILE VIRUS QUANTIFICATION IN FECES OF EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED AMERICAN AND FISH CROWS. Am J Trop Med Hyg, October 1, 2006; 75(4): 688 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
